Hi, my name is Bailey. I was born and raised in the small town of Churchbridge, Saskatchewan. I am going into my second year of my Animal Bioscience degree which is my undergrad degree for veterinary medicine. Today I am going to be blogging about the household word in 1959.

What is Payola?

“Payola is when someone bribes a disc jockey to secure more airplay for their record”. (Campbell 2013 ) The more exposure you got the more likely your record would become a popular song. Labels noticed that disc jockeys can influence sales, the record labels took advantage. By bribing the disc jockeys, they got more airtime in return, which is known as payola. There were a couple keywords that hid payola from the public eye like “listening fees” or “evaluating the commercial possibilities”. (Neira 2004)

The Scandal and Investigation

Payola scandal began in 1958, when a federal investigation showed that a popular game shows “twenty-One” revealed to be fixed. (Hutchinson 2015) That federal investigation led to a similar investigation in the music industry. (Neira 2004) Before payola intensifies, there was a flat rate of $50 to spin their disc per week per record. (Hutchinson 2015) As time went on, the more professional disc jockeys took advantage of this and charged more to spin the record more often than other records. In 1960, the National Association of Broadcaster proposed that payola was going on under the table. (Neira 2004) Disc jockeys were using this to gain personal worth for playing certain recording more than others. If the disc jockeys got involved with payola they would get a $500 fine and a year in prison. (Neira 2004) A threat of losing their licenses, some disc jockey’s who might bring risk were let go for precaution measures. (Hutchinson 2015) The investigation came to conclusion for arresting eight-disc jockeys which included Alan Freed and Dick Clark. (Neira 2004) In 1959, Alan refused to sign an affidavit and turned down all accusation of him accepting any payola but he did except gifts for helping someone. (Neira 2004) Alan Freed was charged with 26 counts of payola but was let off with a fine. (Neira 2004) Another disc jockey was Dick Clark, he denies all involvement in the 1959 and 1960 payola scandal. Later, “Clark

testifies that the only reason he… [got] involved with those businesses were for the tax advantages”. (Neira 2004) Dick did not just get away with a fine like Alan did, he got arrested for his involvement in the scandal. (Hutchinson 2015)

Is there Payola in today’s music Industry?

There hasn’t been a payola scandal in the past few years. The most recent payola to hit the news, was in 2005 when Sony BMG Entertainment was caught. Under a one-year investigation, for “making payoff in return for airtime.” Sony BMG Entertainment was fined $10 million for giving cash or expensive gifts in return for airtime. “The $10 million will be distributed to non-profit groups supporting music education and appreciation programs in the state”. (Arts 2005)

Does payola affect the music we are exposed to?

In the music industry today, payola is still illegal but still causing problems in the industry. When payola is incorporated into the music industry, it is then the records’ labels job to decide who is going to rise and who is going to fall. (McDonald 2018) If payola is happening in today’s society, we are only listening to labels who can afford payola. Unfortunately, the record labels that can not afford to do payola with their artist would not get airtime to show that they deserve to be popular too. Even though we do not hear of payola in today’s society, but it doesn’t mean it is not happening.

My personal thoughts on Payola

In my own opinion, payola is a bad thing. With payola, there are no pros to it, just a lot of cons. The biggest one, in my opinion, is that the rich keep getting richer. To me, the ones who are popular should be the ones who worked for it and not the ones whose label can afford to pay for the artist to be at the top. If the labels kept engaging in payola, the music industry will cost more because the label companies will have to budget for the bribe money they are giving to radio stations to play their rising artist songs. Another con will be that the day of an album release if there are two record labels both having an album release on the same. Say record label “A” has a bigger budget for payola compared to record label “B”. Which album is going to have a better chance at becoming the album of the year or have more songs on the top 40’s list? If you guessed record label “A”, then you are right. The reason behind it is because recording label “A” is able to pay for payola which their artists’ new album will become more of a priority to have airtime which gives them more of opportunity to become number one.

In the past decade, we have not heard of any recording labels getting fined or under investigation for payola. I have not found any research that explores that payola is happening in the past decade, but we can not conclude that it is happening. I do not believe in payola because the popular or top artist should work for that spot and not the ones who just used the money to get there. So, it makes you wonder if the top artist today would be where they are if payola did not exist.

Works Cited

Arts, CBC. 2005. Sony to pay $10M in payola scandal . CBC.

Hutchinson, Lydia. 2015. Alan Freed and The Radio Payola Scandal. Perfroming SongWriter.

McDonald, Heather. 2018. Payola: Influencing the Charts. The Balance Careers

Neira, Bob. 2004. Payola Scandal Rocks’ 50s Radio. Modesto Radio Museum .

Big and Rich is a Country music band consisting of two artists Big Kenny, and John Rich. John Rich was apart of a band called Lonestar, and Big kenny was pursuing a solo music career until the duo teamed up to create a new sound. In a time where this type of music had not been made before they combined rock with country to crate a new sound that caught on quick. The instrumentation is loud with a country tone in their voices. The groups crazy energetic flow instantly caught on with fans and kept many singles from their albums in 2004 to now on country musics top charts. The first album released was in 2004 which included their biggest hit on the album “Save a horse(Ride a cowboy).”Big and Rich are a large name in country music who produce music that is a music of the “Rock and Roll” era as well as the “folk country” era. The duo have most recently released a new album called “California” in 2017 but are more known for the classic hits like “Comin to your city.” Big and Rich have always stuck with the sound that they began with, which is why fans can know what to expect when going to a concert. A party-like atmosphere with meaningful lyrics and some classics.

Big and Rich created their own sound when they broke into the music scene. They combine a rock and roll atmosphere with country lyrics that people can relate to. Their music can get the party started as well as keep listeners engaged in the music and relating to the words.

The music they play combines many instruments including fiddles, drums, bass, and guitars, both electric and acoustic. The wide variety of all instruments ensures that they can create many different moods and sounds by mixing diffrent instruments.  Songs like “Save a horse(Ride a Cowboy)” have a rock feel with a country like lyric integration. The song “Coming to your city” is upbeat and has a rhythm that can keep you singing along but has creative lyrics that are relatable for different cities around the world. A big example of the type of music that Big and Rich is known for is the song “California” which is meant to be a slower song but has the type of lyrics and instrumental that can have listeners singing along but in an upbeat mood! In the song you can hear the artists signing emotional lyrics but the guitars in the background keep the feel loud and somewhat rock style.

I think that Big and Rich coming to Craven was a great idea because of the music that they play. I know the style is the reason I like them and I think many others enjoy them for this reason too. They can keep an audience singing along the entire night which is exactly what they did at the show. The audience was loud and attentive the entire night which is tough to do with such a large crowd and especially at an outdoor concert. The stage included many large speakers and lot of lights which was great because it was dark when the band came out.  Big and Rich did however lose the crowd a little bit when they brought out Cowboy Troy.  He is a country rap artist who has a different style of music. The reason Big and Rich tour with him and include him in their shows is because he has a unique style of country signing which essentially, is what made Big and Rich famous.  It was not what the fans were expecting and luckily it didn’t last too long before they got back to the classic Big and Rich sound.  The show included a lot of country music hits with most Saskatchewan country music fans were looking forward to and grew up listening to.

This band specifically was the one i was looking forward to the most at country thunder. I have always been a Big and Rich fan from the time i was young in the car listening to it for the first time on the radio. Like i said before I grew up to this music because it was always around. Over the years i have come to relate to the music more and more as a kid from a small town who can relate to most country music.  Big and Rich created a feeling at this concert that they care about the audience and who is in it.  You can tell in the songs they sing that they have seen what they talk about and have lived what they tell stories about.  This is what makes a concert good to me and i think a lot of other people. When the band or artist really connects to the fans that is what makes a concert meaningful. The concert was a upbeat show with slow songs that took the time to connect with the audience and have them cheering along for the fast songs.

Works Cited:

Craig Shelburne (May 16, 2005) Getting to know Cowboy Troy. Retrieved from http://www.cmt.com/news/1502421/getting-to-know-cowboy-troy/

Stephen Thomas Erlewine(n.d)Artist Biography. Retrieved from https://www.allmusic.com/artist/big-rich-mn0000762821/biography

The Payola scandal was described as a “Cancer” by Billboard and “a blur of booze, broads, and bribes” by DJ Joe Finan. The essence of the scandal was that labels and distributors were paying for their music to get played on stations across America. And for most of the fifties, this was the normal procedure for all disk jockeys. However, that all came to an end due to a scandal that was in no way connected to the music industry at all.

Charles Van Doren was a contestant on the game show “Twenty-One” when an accusation of fraud towards the show came into the light. He was a prominent celebrity at the time having just been named the host of “The Tonight Show”. His prominence was an ultimate factor in the congresses decision to investigate the rigging of game shows. They would go on to find that multiple shows were using the same kind of techniques and were all charged with fraud. This would cause quite the stir with the Congress who would then turn their sights to a sound that was changing the course of history. Rock and Roll.

Above we can see Alan Freed, the man who coined the term Rock and Roll, as he enters the Congress to speak before the investigative committee. With the Gameshow scandal fresh in their minds, Congress decided to look into the reports of payments being the deciding factor for play-time on many US stations. These reports stated only what was near common knowledge for anyone involved in the industry. Nearly all major Disk Jockeys were taking payments as it was only illegal in two states, New York and Pennsylvania. Yet since most were cash deals, they were never reported and made the takers guilty of fraud. So why did Alan Freed become the face of it all?

He was a D.J. in Cleveland that created the first rock concert, the Moondog Coronation Ball, which in Rock and Roll fashion crashed a stadium with a 10,000 person capacity with 20,000 people. He made waves by playing what was defined as “Black-music” on TV and Radio. He was the face of the new wave of Rock and Roll and was an easy target as the head of the Payola scandal. After hearing the testimonies of over 200 DJ’s and finding hundreds of thousands that had been paid, they dropped most of the charges. Except for those on Alan Freed.

Freed was still being charged with 26 counts of commercial bribery when his station, WABC, let him go. He had lost all his radio and television deals and was reduced to nothing when the District Attorney decided that their point had been proven and that the problem of Payola had been ended. This left Alan Freed out of all the progression to come with Rock and Roll and would be the last major thing in his life before his death 5 years later. Other than ruining the reputation of one of the builders of Rock, the investigation lead to the creation of new federal laws that banned any type of payola unless the broadcaster openly admitted to being paid. A small result for the lengths that were taken by the committee.

Yet did these investigations really eliminate the process of Payola and properly address the problems it created?

The answer is not really. The laws put into place did block the direct way of paying the DJ’s however left many loopholes that companies would take advantage of. For example, ” some employees attempted to cover up the transactions as paperwork for fictitious contest winners” meaning they were paying out DJ’s saying they won contests that were never actually created. Yet can we be surprised? The entire industry is like every other business in that money is the prime driving factor and in order to make the most money, people need to be listening to your songs the most. So when you evaluate the Sony case shown above, you should think about the risk vs. reward of what they did. They likely increased record sales by having DJ’s overplay their songs which creates millions of dollars for them. Yet they were only fined 10 million dollars which to a company as large as Sony, is mere pennies in their bank. The risk vs. reward would say to take the risk.

However, from my other perspective, that of being a music lover I see the negatives immediately. The fact that artists coming from labels who do not have the financials or do not have the greed will be less exposed to the general public. This prevents their music/art from being properly presented based on their talent. Ultimately, the grassroots musician would face major restrictions in the way their music was broadcasted until radio was no longer the main communicator. At least that’s what everyone hoped as the digital market opened up and music could be found on many platforms other than radio. Yet, the framework of Payola did not disappear.

Anyone familiar with Spotify will recognize this as the home page for the over 70 million paid subscribers. Yet, the page that is supposed to be a reflection of each individual’s musical tastes and favourites was instead transformed into this upon the release of drakes new album. So the question remains, has payola really been addressed or has it just been transformed?

Sources

Weinraub, Bernard. “The Man Who Knew It Wasn’t Only Rock ‘n’ Roll.” The New York Times. October 14, 1999. Accessed July 18, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/14/arts/the-man-who-knew-it-wasn-t-only-rock-n-roll.html.

“The Payola Scandal Heats up.” History.com. Accessed July 18, 2018. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-payola-scandal-heats-up.

Vineyard, Jennifer. “Sony BMG Apologizes For Payola Involving J. Lo, Avril, Good Charlotte, Others.” MTV News. July 25, 2005. Accessed July 18, 2018. http://www.mtv.com/news/1506321/sony-bmg-apologizes-for-payola-involving-j-lo-avril-good-charlotte-others/.

Mar, Alex. “Sony Ponies Up for Payola.” Rolling Stone. June 25, 2018. Accessed July 18, 2018. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/sony-ponies-up-for-payola-94599/.

Shah, Saqib. “Spotify Offers Refunds to Angry Customers after Annoying Drake Music Promo.” The Sun. July 04, 2018. Accessed July 18, 2018. https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/6693597/spotify-refund-drake-music-ad/.

“Spotify Users – Subscribers in 2018.” Statista. Accessed July 18, 2018. https://www.statista.com/statistics/244995/number-of-paying-spotify-subscribers/.

“Alan Freed – Radio Aircheck – WJW Cleveland 1954.” YouTube. April 20, 2011. Accessed July 18, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

“Alan Freed, Dick Clark and the Radio Payola Scandal.” Performing Songwriter Ent., LLC. August 24, 2015. Accessed July 18, 2018. http://performingsongwriter.com/alan-freed-payola-scandal/.GqKRYJS60Rc.

For my second blog, I chose to write about The Great American Songbook and an artist by the name of Cole Porter.

Contrary to its title, The Great American Songbook isn’t actually a book. Rather, it’s a collection of several hundred songs that are focused on the work of popular composers whose careers flourished in the early-mid 20^th century [5]. In other terms, the American Songbook Society also states that the songs are from the Tin Pan Alley era, through to the expansion of Broadway and Hollywood musicals [1].

Researching the Great American songbook relates to the information presented in module five for a couple of reasons. One, we are introduced to a variety of artists that are a part of the songbook. For example, Cole Porter (1891-1964) immersed himself in the music scene initially as a fan of Cugat Porter, a Latin musician [2]. It is said that “Porter was the most open to the sound of Latin music, or at least the commercial Latin music that Cugat played” [2]. They later formed an orchestra together and produced many hits which were played on Broadway.

I became interested in Cole Porter’s career because he composed a unique style of style of music which caught my ear. I enjoyed listening to the orchestra and beguine rhythm, which has bass beats on 1, 3, and 4 [2]. I never had to listen to Broadway music until taking this course, and it was tough for me to keep an open mind. However, like Porter, I did my best to keep an open mind just like he did when the Latin music genre first emerged in America [2].

When listening to his music, namely his biggest hit song Begin the Beguine, I paid close attention to his lyrics. Written in 1938, our text indicates that, “What is noteworthy about most of Porter’s Latin songs is that the lyrics have nothing to do with Latin culture. . . he simply liked the feel of the rhythm” [2]. Even though this song, in particular, went on to be on Broadway, I still find the statement true. His music, which showcased a new rhythm known as “rhumba” or beguine, increased his popularity immensely throughout the 1930-40’s. He never did sing his first hit though. Instead, it was introduced in the Broadway Musical Jubilee in 1935, performed by Penelope Martin-Smith [4].

I’m with you once more under the stars,

And down by the shore an orchestra’s playing

And even the palms seem to be swaying

When they begin the beguine.

It can be said that Porter ‘meets the criteria’ of the Great American Songbook because of two things: the epic success of his music and the era it was produced it in. As a result, it is evident that Porter truly belongs in the Great American Songbook. Even Frank Sinatra covered his biggest hit song, and he too is included in the book of popular artists [3].

The two versions of the song are similar and different. Both artists have different styles, but I found Smith’s to be a bit more, um, peaceful. More of a lullaby, actually. On the other hand, Sinatra’s was far more interesting. It has more dynamics with the orchestra and his voice has a story-telling ability that was not present in the Broadway version. In addition, every variation of the song was quite popular in its time. I personally enjoyed Sinatra’s version more, however.

Finally, I do not see a continued relevance for this style of music. The only thing I could semi-relate this to an audition I watched in American Idol in the spring. One contestant auditioned with a Frank Sinatra song. That’s it that’s all. Then again, I am not continually looking for popularity in Latin/Broadway music either. Perhaps some people still listen to music from the 1930-40’s but I personally do not.

1. n.d. Accessed July 17, 2018. http://greatamericansongbook.org/.
2. Campell, Micheal. 2013. Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On. Boston: Schirmer Cengage Learning.
3. Erlewine, Thomas. n.d. rank Sinatra The Great American Songbook [Columbia]. Accessed July 17, 2018. https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-great-american-songbook-columbia-mw0000347075.
4. Rice, Jo. 1982. The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits.
5. Yagoda, Ben. 2015. Have We Turned the Last Page in America’s Songbook? June 11. Accessed July 16, 2018. http://time.com/3916642/america-songwriting-history/.

Luke Bryan is an American country singer and Songwriter who has a net worth of 90 million and was born in Georgia in 1976 and is known for hits such as ‘Drink a Beer’ and Kick the Dust.’ Musician and Singer Bryan made his first album debut in 2007 called ‘I’ll Stay Me’ followed by three other albums called ‘Doin my thing’ Tailgates & Tanlines’ ‘Crash my party and Kill the Lights’ which made six No. 1 singles on the country Airplay Chart.

Bryan has won numerous awards amongst the other country artists. Bryan picked up nine wins at the 2012 American Country Awards and also won the ‘entertainer of the year honors from the Academy of Country music and the Country music association. He has also won awards on the Billboard Music Awards and IHeart Radio awards.

Luke Bryan ranks in the middle when it comes to the greatest country artists of all time with Billboard music having him ranked 49^th out of a 100. Amongst the highest paid country artists in 2017 Luke Bryan ranks number three has he earned approximately 42 million dollars last year. Luke Bryan safe to say is one of country music’s legends in this century.

Luke Bryans music fits into the country genre. Lots of his music has rock instrumentation that provides into the country style. All his music has the guitar aspect with drums that accompany that as well. There are electric guitars and well as autistic guitars in all his performances. Keeps the patrons intrigued throughout the entire performance. There is also a pianist that plays as well. The rhythm to most of Luke Bryans music is upbeat and fast.

The Song above called “That’s My Kind of Night” has a very up-tempo rhythm with a sweet mixture of guitar and drums that his voice accompanies which the kept the crowd on their toes.

Another song that has a bit of a slower tempo but still kept the audience on their feet was “Kick The Dust Up” this song has a bit slower of a tempo than the previous one which was also performed and a nice mixture of drums and guitar to go along with his voice. “Tractors, Plows, with flashing lights back up a two-lane road” this is one of the very first catchy lines at the beginning of the song which is played by the same beat of the drum and strikes of the guitar which the crowd loved to sing along to. Overall his music has a nice mix of all three instruments and a mixed rhythm and harmony amongst his songs which kept me intrigued throughout the performance.

The venue was an open ground with a big main stage where Luke had performed. There was seating in the front for the disabled, but besides that, there was no seating, and everyone was standing side by side and was able to express the countryside of themselves by wearing cowboy hats and boots with a beer in hand. With the space being large and the stage being massive as well there was a vast audience in attendance and were all able to enjoy due to the nice climates as well. The music is a representation of the prairie culture, as his song “Kick the Dust Up” represents a farming province gathered to witness a country singer which was a party to the patrons represented by this line “We turn this cornfield into a party.” This country artist brought the community together by his vibrant performance in this outdoor environment.

In my opinion, the concert was it was very well put together. The concert was significant in more than one way to me. This concert allowed me to gain more liking for country music as it was shallow before and enjoy the atmosphere of the concert with friends. I was able to take part in the country prairie styles by wearing cowboy boots and a cowboy hat. However not only was the concert significant to me, I think it was meaningful to the entire that gathered that night. I feel like this Luke Bryan is like a lot of modern pop country groups but different from a lot of the older school, traditional country groups. A lot of his songs are more upbeat, and he writes a lot of songs related to the farm as opposed to a lot of the more traditional country style that is a lot more southern style. With his mix of instruments and harmony, it was enjoyable and memorable for the entire audience as one.

Works Cited:

BJ, Lisko “ Luke Bryan rhythm section performs at The Music Farm in Canton” Canton Rep.com. 07.22.2014 http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20140822/news/140829685

“Luke Bryan.” Biography. July 17, 2018. Accessed July 17, 2018. https://www.biography.com/people/Luke Bryan

Michael, Campbell. Popular Music in America. Boston Ma: Schirmer Cengage Learning, 2013 pp 111-118.

Will, Stephenson “ From Farm to Farm With the King of ‘Bro-Country’” The New York Times Magazine. 12/06/2017 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/magazine/what-makes-luke-bryan-country.html

Hello My name is Courtney, and I’m a second year Commerce student. For my first post, I will be talking about Jelly Roll Morton.

Jelly Roll Morton was one of the best jazz artists being a songwriter and pianist. He lived on through the years of 1890-1941 sharing his passion for jazz and being an incredibly influential figure to the jazz genre. He was born on October 20, 1890, in New Orleans, Louisiana and was the leader of the Red Hot Peppers in the 1920s. Jelly’s nationality was a mix of African, French, and Spanish, receiving his last name from his stepfather[1] . Everyone who knew Jelly knew that he was cocky, and claimed to have ‘invented’ jazz. Although this is a huge statement to make, it is believed to be partially true. Blues and jazz music is similar in their piano styles, but it was how Jelly put a unique twist by creating the base of the ‘stride’ piano style that made Jazz music stand out [2].

Contributions & Importance

As mentioned before, Jelly Roll Morton played major importance in the jazz genre being one of first jazz’s best composers, creating popular songs like “King Porter Stomp,” “Grandpa’s Spells,” “Wolverine Blues,” and many more. Jelly was an incredible arranger by highlighting different instrumentation, dynamics, and solos. He started playing piano at the age of ten, and performed in Los Angeles from 1918-1922, then transferred to Chicago for the next six years. During this time, his style and brilliance were being brought to light bringing the Red Hot Peppers together which was a major climax in his career[3].

Challenges

Like any musician’s career, Jelly faced challenges. When the jazz craze moved to New York, he of course, decided to follow it. Jelly tended to brag about basically starting the jazz genre, but in New York that only put a damper on his career which led to him not getting the sidemen he was hoping for. Also, with the increase of the Depression, he fell under the radar and began to become less known. The people of New York felt his music was old-fashioned, but that did not mean Jelly was going to become a sideman. With very few appearances the following six years, Jelly was able to make a popular song during the swing era called, “King Porter Stomp” but oddly enough was not well known for creating it. Jelly has had enough of not being in the spotlight, so he decided to make a comeback in New York in the year 1939. He did some band sessions and recorded some songs, but no big hits came from that. In the last few years of his life, he moved to Los Angeles. After his death at age 50, his music because popular again during the New Orleans jazz revivalist movement[3].

Songs

“King Porter Stomp”

This piece of music starts off with a light, bouncy piano creating a happy feeling. Further in the song, the piano tends to build up playing higher notes, resulting in a bit of a climax. At the end of the song the piano is played more abruptly forming the highest climax of this piece with the notes instantly stopping leaving you with a long soft note.

I chose this song because it was one of Jelly’s biggest hits, despite of people not realizing that this piece of music was created by him. It really highlights Jelly’s style of jazz music.

“Grandpa’s Spells”

This song starts off at a high tempo giving you an excited feeling. The rhythm continues on throughout the song never leaving you with a dull moment. The mood of the song really makes you want to get up and dance. About partway through the dynamics change momentarily making you feel intrigued about what is going to happen. This dynamic change continues, and high notes are added making it seem like you’re being chased. While listening to this song I was picturing a black and white film of two people constantly chasing and scaring each other. The constant high tempo and high piano notes give off a very on edge feeling like I was anticipating an incident that could happen.

This was another song that made Jelly popular. He was well known for his cockiness because he knew how talented he was, and I felt his talents were displayed nicely in this piece of music.

“Wolverine Blues”

This song starts off bouncy and exciting right away with no ease into the tempo. There are moments where only single notes are being played developing an interesting change, then leading into high pitched piano notes creating the climax of the song. A twist in the song is added when the tone changes and a saxophone begins to play. It gives off a chill feeling while still making you want to groove. Another intriguing way this piece instantly grabs your attention is when the drums are added. The tempo stays upbeat and fast until the end combining all the instruments including the piano, saxophone, and drums.

I felt this piece of music was very different from the other two songs because of the added instruments and the way they sounded together. This portrays Jelly’s style in a different way but his uniqueness is still evident.

Sources

1. “Jelly Roll Morton Biography.” A&E Television Networks. Accessed July            17,2018. https://www.biography.com/people/jelly-roll-morton-9415945.
2. “Jelly Roll Morton.” All About Blues Music. Accessed July 17,2018.https://www.allaboutbluesmusic.com/jelly-roll-morton/.
3. Scott Yanow. “Jelly Roll Morton.” AllMusic. Accessed July 17,2018. https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jelly-roll-morton-mn0000317290/biography.